Social Norms of Income Distribution

During the period somewhere in the range of 1929 and 1953, the United States word related compensation proportions and gaining imbalance is declined, mostly across World War II (Ober 1948, Phelps Brown 1977, Williamson and Lindert 1980, Goldin and Margo 1922b). The proof demonstrated that the state of pay disparity was event in that period. In addition, the issue of pay disparity is declined. Be that as it may, the issue of salary imbalance is existed. The legislature can't spread the pay distibution uniformly. Numerous reasons discouraged the salary circulation uniformly. In my conversation, I concentrate to disclose five motivations to impact the pay dispersion in the United States in the twentieth century. Changing in normal practices is identified with the pay circulations. Numerous individuals believe that ladies spoke to a less expensive option for managers. Their occupations were seen as brief to be deserted for marriage and a home. High turnover joined with an enormous pool of substitutions in any occupation will in general discourage compensation, however it additionally implies there is no motivator to give vocation openings or contribute a lot of exertion to prepare people for greater obligation. Subsequently, ladies would in general fill the more specific and lower-paying work, while men moved into the new office chief jobs. The truth of the matter is that administrative, administration, and deals work doesn't yield noteworthy budgetary comes back to individuals with increasingly formal instruction or longer work understanding (Bibb and Form, 1977). In enormous part, this is on the grounds that the majority of these are low roof professions, ailing in important advancement open doors for more lucrative positions. The occupations have been filled invaluable situation by one sex or the other. The fact of the matter is unequivocally affecting the salary disseminations. The purpose of the unionization is identified with the pay dispersions. Associations have improved wages and advantages, expanded employer stability, and shielded specialists from oppressive administrative choices. Male specialists are bound to be individuals from worker's organizations, in this way getting a charge out of the upsides of aggregate anticipating compensation and winning more than ladies (Flaherty and Caniglia, 1992). Generally speaking, ladies are about half as prone to be endorsers as men. Rinehart composed,  ¡Ã¢ § This settlement to entrepreneur power was formalized in what is known as the post  ¡V World War II bargain produced amidst the extraordinary class battles of the 1940s. This settlement between work, large capital, and the state highlighted the foundation of another modern relations framework and specified a lot of exchange  ¡V off. Associations were lawfully perceived and concurred authoritative security.â ¡ (P.184) Changing in the training level of the populace is identified with the pay dispersion. In the U.S, the money related come back to a college or higher education likewise declined during the 1970s. One clarification of this marvel was the generous increment the extent of the populace going to college, especially the section into the work power of the  ¡Ã¢ § Baby-Boomâ ¡ age during the 1970s (Welch 1979). Freeman (1976, 1980) contended that the interest for instructed laborers likewise declined, so not the entirety of the adjustment in relative profit could be ascribed to impermanent improvements on the gracefully side. Dooley (1986) inferred that the passage of the enormous baby ¡Vboom associate during this period lowered income development for this gathering, however that this segment impact couldn't represent the watched nerve racking of profit differentials by level of instruction. Dooleyâ ¡s results consequently propose that request  ¡V side powers may likewise have assumed a job. Changing in the age structure of the populace is identified with the pay dissemination. The states of the acquiring streams mirror the principle key variables which is income increment with age yet at a diminishing rate. This inward shape mirrors the way that people for the most part keep on making human capital interests as hands on preparing and work experience once they have entered the work power. This professional training adds more to their profitability and gaining s from the get-go in their vocations because of unavoidable losses to encounter. Nonetheless, to the degree that instruction builds efficiency, people with a similar measure of work experience yet more training will win more, maybe generously more. Relocation is identified with the pay conveyance. Financial hypothesis predicts that the powers of rivalry would serve to lessen unadulterated local pay differentials with the goal that they reflect remunerating contrasts, short-run changes, or noncompetitive components. Those powers of rivalry were the development of capital from high-to low-wage zones, and the development of work from low-to high-wage regions. Experimental proof will in general confirm the ramifications of relocation as a human capital choice. In an ongoing report, Osberg, Gordon, and Lin (1994) investigate the determinants of interregional and interindustry versatility of people in the Maritimes. Utilizing the 1986-87 LMAS, they locate that more youthful people and those with higher expected pay gains are bound to move. Also, the procedure of movement will in general decrease the provincial inconsistencies that incite the relocation choice. All in all, the five reasons are impact the salary dissemination in the United States in the twentieth century. The accepted practices show that the salary imbalance is occurred among people. The unionization shows that the associations have a capacity to improve the wages and advantages for their individuals. In this circumstance, the salary disparity is occurred between unionâ ¡s individuals and non-associations individuals. In spite of the fact that the interest for instruction laborers was declined, training individuals despite everything win more than the uneducated individuals do in light of the fact that they have an aptitude information and experience. Movement is benefits for the youthful people. They can get an opportunity to substantiate themselves. Along these lines, the development of relocation diminishes the local differences.

Research Essay on a Sub Culture essays

Research Essay on a Sub Culture papers Envision a gathering comprised generally of guys inside the ages of eighteen to forty-five sitting in lines and sections, having close to three feet of individual space in a room lit up by PC screens as an alluring young lady goes through the room wearing a two-piece made for a fourteen-year-old which was in no uncertainty filled in pleasantly. This was a scene out of JobieLan, 2002. JobieLan was gone to by ninety-four individuals from to the extent London, England for a debilitating end of the week during June 14 to 16 of 2002. JobieLan was supported by six significant organizations, and a pawn shop. JobieLan was effective to the point that there are presently plans of JobieLan 2003. JobieLan has become a marvel. What is JobieLan? JobieLan is a piece of another developing society: LAN parties. To a PC smart individual, this term isn't new. The way of life is developing, and quick. Irregular House Websters College Dictionary essentially says a LAN is a, Local Area Network, however it is significantly more than that. A LAN is a method of associating various PCs together in a course of action which permits the PCs to discuss uninhibitedly with each other. With the beginning of multiplayer PC games, LANs have gotten progressively famous as an approach to play no holds barred with others without enduring with the impact known as slack. The term slack initially implies, to neglect to keep up an ideal speed, (Lag). At the point when somebody has slack they have a high inertness, or a more prominent measure of time for one PC to make an impression on another PC (Xavier). Precisely when LAN parties began, nobody knows precisely. One of the absolute first games to help games over a LAN would be id Softwares DOOM which was discharged in December of 1993 (3DGamers). LAN parties didn't begin as famous as it is currently; Im sure that on the off chance that I were my age today back, at that point, I would have believed that remaining in to play computer games would be too geekish and go elsewhe ... <!

More Complete

More Complete A dozen art galleries adorn the two-mile walk from my home to our studio. Whenever I stroll past a gallery, I often think, Wouldnt that painting look great in our living room? Wouldnt this picture frame fit perfectly in our daughters bedroom? Wouldnt those photos complete our dining room? But then I pause to consider my impulses. Truth be told, our home is already complete. And the perfect bookshelf, couch, or chair wont make our home more complete. Our things should add value to our lives: they should augment, enhance, or amplify our experiences. Which means, fine, get that new coffee table if it makes sense. But it simply doesnt make sense if the reason is completion. Things dont complete us. We are already complete. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

President John F. Kennedy - 1220 Words

President John â€Å"Jack† Fitzgerald Kennedy was born May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts to Rose Kennedy and Joseph P. Kennedy. John F. Kennedy, also known as JFK, had three brothers and five sisters. Young John, â€Å"Jack† as he was known by, attended a boarding school for boys in Connecticut. Here he was active in football, golf, tennis, and basketball. Once Jack graduated Choate in 1936, he entered Harvard. It was while he was studying at Harvard that he injured his back while playing football, he never fully recovered and his back bothered him the rest of his life. Jack was a very handsome and intelligent young man although he was a little less determined than his older brother Joe. However, due to his father’s occupation and involvement with politics, Jack was very intent on furthering his education in history and government. After graduating from Harvard, Jack joined the United States Navy along with his brother Joe. Jack was promoted to a Lieutenant and later sent to the South Pacific as commander, his brother was a flyer. As the war came to an end, Jack needed to decide what career path he should take. He considered becoming a writer or even a teacher. But when his brother Joe was tragically killed in the war he began to have a change of heart. Jack’s father, Joseph, began talking with him and persuading him, eventually convincing him to run for Congress in Massachusetts. And in 1946, Jack won, marking the beginning of his political career. He served three terms inShow MoreRelatedPresident John F. Kennedy1738 Words   |  7 Pages President John Fitzgerald Kennedy Our Nation’s 35th President Andrew Hogenson History 112 June 15, 2015 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th President of the USA and served at that position only for three years as at the end of the third year he was assassinated in Texas. Even though his presidential term was not long, it was significant, mostly with the strong opposition against the USSR (in a person of its Prime Minister of that time, Nikita Khrushchev). President Kennedy’s name is associatedRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1608 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone has an opinion about the president. Whether they like the president or dislike the president, someone has an opinion. There are only a few good president in the history of America that people can actually say they liked and enjoyed where they lead this country. One of those few presidents was President John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, Kennedy became the youngest and first Roman Catholic president. He won the hearts of many Americans with his youthfulnessRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy975 Words   |  4 PagesIn the words of President John F. Kennedy,† Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future†. (John F. Kennedy) JFK was a president during a tense time in American History. The Civil Rights movement during the 1960’s questioned the status quo. This motivated change that influences many decisions we have today. The relevancy of truth and what is certain ascertains our duty as a citizen of the United States. As a citizen, it is our job to discernRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1675 Words   |  7 Pagesgo to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.† (Great Speeches Volume 27: John F. Kennedy, 2012). President John F. Kennedy delivered this infamous speech in the football stadium at Rice University in Houston, Texas on that very day. President Kennedy’s reason for his de livery of this speech was to address the state of our Nation’s Space Effort. The citizens of the United States of America were in quite a stateRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1746 Words   |  7 PagesWhen a president is able to effectively use the power of rhetoric to move citizens to aspire to achieve the seemingly impossible, this president is able to transcend the limitations of the executive office itself. President John F Kennedy was masterful at this skill and the words he spoke and the dreams he invited us to share are as powerful today as they ever were. Our cultural memory of John F. Kennedy was shaped within a very narrow time frame. Kennedy, born in 1917, was only forty-six yearsRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy911 Words   |  4 Pages There are many theories on what happened on November 22, 1963. A president was assassinated while campaigning for re-election. Many people are skeptical about what happened and many theories have been formed. Though there i s only one right answer to what really happened on this somber Friday, many people have formed their own beliefs. One theory is that there was more than one shooter. What, as close as can be collected from the existing reports, are the circumstances surrounding JFK s death toRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy968 Words   |  4 Pages On January 20, 1961, President John F. Kennedy was sworn into office and made one of the most famous inaugural addresses in our country’s history. In his inaugural address, Kennedy spoke of the United States making some sort change in the world. Kennedy not only called upon Americans, but also others from different nations asking for their support in joining in peace for mankind’s success. Kennedy encouraged citizens to defend their freedom and presented his ideals for presidency for a time of changeRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1126 Words   |  5 Pages You know when you say something important or say you will make a change in life for the better, but sometimes you can’t follow through? Well with president John F. Kennedy he inspired much to people with all his speeches but never had the opportunity to follow through when he died so early. With Kennedy,they state that he was more talk than action. He traveled crazy with his wife to make his speeches for people to re-elect him because all the good things he could change in the U.S. He inspiredRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy883 Words   |  4 PagesToday was the day, today November 22, 1963 was the day I was going to meet my all-time favorite presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy, better known by his initials, JFK. He was travelling west through the country speaking in nine different states, which include San Antonio, Houston, Fort Worth and then onto Dallas and Austin, he was preparing for his next presidential campaign and his trip was mainly about natural resources and conservation efforts but it was also in a way to support his reelectionRead MoreLife Of A President : John F. Kennedy2290 Words   |  10 Pagest he life of a president: John Fitzgerald Kennedy. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was more than just a Google search. He had a wife, Jacqueline (Jackie) Kennedy, and two children Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy, Jr. The Kennedys faced trouble when it came to having children not once, but twice. In 1956, Jackie gave birth to a stillborn baby girl they had planned on naming Arabella (Klein). Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born November 27, 1957. On August 7, 1963, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy was brought into

If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on College Essay Samples Ut Austin

If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on College Essay Samples Ut Austin Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Write an essay describing the way the matter is valuable to you and the community. Share an essay on any subject of your selection. For more help, take a look at our article on thinking up amazing suggestions for your essay topic. To discover what has to be finished, you ought to take a look at a good deal of other essay examples. These varieties of essays are guaranteed to doze off your readers. You don't need to possess the ideal writing skills to be able to be creative and compose an effective essay. Like in all sorts of writing, clarity and brevity in essays is paramount and, thus, shouldn't be overlooked whenever you are writing in another language. Facts, Fiction and College Essay Samples Ut Austin One of the most difficult facets of college life is finances. It isn't always about what you may receive from the school. When you start to compose your college application essay, think about all the things which make you the person that you're. The huge pothole on Elm Street that my mother was able to hit each and every day on the best way to school would be filled-in. Colleges want to find a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. To do this, you should brainstorm an adequate subject which expresses your nature and your best accomplishments. Not only do you have to demonstrate the way your leadership met the challenge you faced, but you also need to demonstrate the way the experience changed you. Be sure you connect the significance of the activity to a specific experience or story to provide the essay direction. Various things to various individuals, since the situation demanded. Every moment, without fail, I was the sole girl. Instead, think about a compelling reason you would want to visit college and compose that reason down. After that, ask that individual to spell out the scene back to you. All you have to do is specify if you want your essay to be delivered. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a few essay writing basic guide that you need to always bear in mind. It's simple to point out an essay which has been written solely for the interest of it. The second portion of this essay would like you to examine the present instead. Stephen's essay is rather effective. The very first portion of this essay is all about problem-solving. Instead, you've got to realize that inside this essay, like in the rest of the essays, the how matters far more than the what. Our admission essay examples can prove that we're here in order to provide simply the ideal assistance to assure you which you submit an application essay you may be confident in. Really, the application essays are a lot closer to a brief story. Draw inspiration from various other essays. Life, Death and College Essay Samples Ut Austin The situation is made worse by the simple fact that the expense of living keeps increasing each and every day. Now things started to get really intriguing. Select a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make sure that you know a lot about it! There are two or three things you can do in your essay to be noticed and get accepted. If you're going to consist of details that could directly hit the requirements of the school, then it is easy to get the approvalA that you have to be accepte d for enrollment. Because you are interested in getting the essay to communicate the very best information about you, you have to do thorough preparation for the sample college admission essays to accomplish its purposes. Thus, the essay is supposed to coincide with the applicant's qualities and interests in order for it to boost the probability of admission. Your application essay will be able to help you stick out from the remainder of the candidates and get noticed by the admission board. Essay prompts are intentionally open-ended, and there are many approaches to start deciding on a topic. The way you start your application essay is critical to how well it'll be received. Generally speaking, the very first, setup, section of the essay needs to be shorter, as it is not going to be focused on what you were doing. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. Gossip, Lies and College Essay Samples Ut Austin In this way, your paper w ill be unbelievably personal and original. Once more, what you write about isn't as critical as how you write about doing it. For a beginning, the usual application essay topics need you to use language that's absolutely free from language flaws and grammatical mistakes. When you follow your intended language from the beginning, you will produce the essay more consistent to the conventions of that language. Concentrate on the opportunities UT Austin offers across departments and the way you intend to explore as soon as you arrive on campus. Community is a rather important matter to colleges. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting elements of applying to college. Writing a college application essay can be hard for you in the event you don't follow proper guidelines. The Common Application makes it possible for you to apply to more or less 700 unique colleges.

Retail Sector in Uk Free Essays

string(52) " form of these facilities will be open to question\." THE UK RETAIL SECTOR Retailing is one of the major economic sectors of United Kingdom, with retail sales of ? 221 billion, employing around 3 million people and operating over 300,000 shops. Within the sector there is a scale polarisation at both the business and the store level. The leading retailers are huge, multinational businesses which dominate the sector. We will write a custom essay sample on Retail Sector in Uk or any similar topic only for you Order Now They operate a range of stores from major hypermarkets and supercentres through to small convenience stores. Retailing is also significant it its social dimension as well. Whilst economically retailing bridges production and consumption, in social terms it effects most of the population every day. It is the rare person who does not go shopping, or indeed has not worked in retailing or been involved in it in some way. For some, retailers offer their major social intercourse of the day or week and act as a social network, setting or centre. The quality of UK retailing and its locations thus has both an economic and a social bearing on the perceptions of the country. COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS 1. 1 Political Structure and Trends The activities of retailers and thus shoppers are affected by the political structure and trends in a number of ways. It would be wrong, however, to see this as a direct relationship derived through a body of legislation specifically targeted at retailing or shopping. Instead, trends in retailing and shopping are more dependent on a number of national debates and initiatives that have been developed recently by various levels in the political process. The main direct effect that politicians have on retailing and shopping is through their exercise of power over location through the levers of the land-use planning system. Whilst land-use planning is a local authority activity, national government can intervene to provide directions and guidance on the assessment of development opportunities and proposals. Whilst land-use planning towards retailing in the 1980s allowed decentralised activity, since the early 1990s there has been a growing consensus on the tightening of restrictions on off-centre and green field evelopment. Thus it has become much harder to obtain planning permission for developments away from existing town centres and newer forms of retailing such as factory outlet centres and regional shopping centres have become harder to accommodate. This consensus has emerged through a general concern with the health of town centres and a desire to see town centres as vital and viable parts of the urban structure, fulfilling trad itional nodal activities, including providing a focus for shopping. Whilst land-use planning affects the location of retailing, other instruments of government can affect the operations of the business, although as we note there is no overall retail trading legislation. Instead, shoppers are affected by a battery of public policy which attempts variously to regulate competition, safeguard consumer interests and to regulate trading conditions. Recent changes in this arena have seen an easing of restrictions on trading hours for example but a strengthening of powers over retail selling and employment practices. Concerns over public health have led to tighter regulation on food stores. In essence the approach could be summed up as ensuring that retailers do their jobs properly and that there is as much a level playing field as possible. Again there is no reason to suspect that this will change, though the scale of the legislation will change as globalisation continues in this market. Big retailers will be created on a pan-European level and will be subjected to standard operating conditions across for example Europe, which safeguard consumer interests. The European dimension obviously has another political aspect as well, most notably in terms of the Euro. Whilst decisions about the Euro are beyond this report, retailers as a key service sector, will have to deal with its introduction (or not). For some this is already anticipated through their acceptance of Euros in the UK, their Irish and continental European experiences and in their forward planning of technological (eg POS) investment. Smaller retailers in particular however may be less prepared for any positive decision. Overall there will be costs in implementation, as well as potential trading disruption depending on timing of introduction. 1. 2 Economic Structures and Trends To a considerable extent, the economic structures and trends driver for change operates at such a macro-level of the economy that it is very hard to consider it in any detail. The general economic position of the country will condition to a great extent the outcomes retailers experience from the shopping activity. Thus the volume and value of retail sales is of importance in this arena, but it is hard to be certain of magnitudes looking forward. Political policy can have an impact by its promotion of certain sectors and locations in the economy, in pursuit for example of greater social inclusion and a fairer distribution of wealth. However alternative policies could equally be considered. The economic structure also has an affect on the retail landscape through the encouragement or otherwise of the construction of landscapes for consumption. Businesses have to be willing to invest in the built environment and to feel comfortable that such investments will make a return. Probably the only safe assumption to be made is that the broad economic structures will remain in place and that in the future Britain will be economically approximately ranked similarly to where it is now in the world. Taking this assumption, then it would seem that we can expect many of the trends we have seen in recent years to continue. Thus, there would seem to be scope for further growth in retail sales, if we take a broad definition of retailing. There will be developers wishing to invest in the UK in commercial property, but much of this development may take the form of redevelopment or enhancement of existing locations. The exceptions to this might be purpose built new facilities in areas of identified deprivation, though the exact form of these facilities will be open to question. You read "Retail Sector in Uk" in category "Essay examples" The economic structure has an impact on retailers and retail structure. British retailing is dominated by large corporate chains, many of which are head-quartered outside the country. Whilst there is in a sense a requirement to improve local knowledge to meet consumer needs, large retailers have demonstrated that computing power can be used to understand markets. Knowledge management becomes a key element in the future economy. There does not seem therefore to be any particular reason why current trends towards bigger and foreign retailers (eg. Wal-Mart) dominating more of the market should not continue, although they will probably structure some of their activities on a national (ie. local) basis. There will be opportunities for local and new retailers, but overall the market structure is likely to remain dominated by such big and increasingly global players. The interaction of the political will and the economic situation of the country and locations and individuals within the country will be important in determining the affluence of otherwise of the population, and thus the attractiveness of sites for retailers. This personal disposable income is critical to the future of locations, though it is tempered by the aspirations and lifestyle choices, and the costs of these eg. monthly rental of satellite television reduces out-of-home shopping. Most recently there has been announced major investment in the country’s infrastructure, funded in part by increased tax and NI revenues. This could affect perceptions of affluence and personal disposable income for years to come. More worryingly perhaps is the possible pensions timebomb which is currently being exposed through the switch out of final-salary schemes. Continuing concerns over mortgage payments based upon endowment policies and the high level of credit in the economy reinforce these worries. Socio-Cultural and Lifestyle Aspirations Changing socio-cultural and lifestyle considerations have fuelled much of the change in shopping and retailing in recent years. Attitudes and beliefs as well as wants and needs have been transformed. They continue to develop and further change can be expected. In particular, attitudes to work and leisure are worth identifying separately as they are potentially so important. Modern consumers are a mass of contradictions, many of which are inexplicable on any rational basis. Some travel miles by car, damaging the environment, to refill a plastic bottle which costs virtually nothing, or to place bottles in a bottlebank located on a superstore car park. Branded products with a conspicuous logo are purchased in preference to identical generic products selling at a vastly reduced price. People pay 50% more for a 30% smaller microwaveable pot of baked beans rather than have to open a tin and heat the product ‘normally’. Ready-washed salads or chopped vegetables in their millions are purchased to ‘save time’ or to cover up for lost culinary ‘skills’. Understanding and predicting change in this arena is therefore a little difficult. What can be said is that there is a tension in this aspect of shopping. On the one hand consumers have ever broader experiences and expectations that have been increased by their exposure to new events, horizons, ways of doing things etc. So holiday experiences are brought back and combined with UK products and behaviours. Things that are seen in TV programmes become available in local stores. On the other hand, the very nature of the global experience, particularly through leisure products such as TV and cinema, tends to reduce things to the lowest common denominator – Pringles, Coke, Gap, Nike – and it is no coincidence that the majority of exemplars are American. This differentiation/similarity paradox will also emerge in other ways, and in particular in terms of the attitudes and belief statements of individuals and the way they translate these into shopping actions. Single-issue causes are fundamentally important now and look set to remain a force. Attitudes to corporate or government activities may lead to both small-scale individual behaviour changes but possibly to more aggregate corporate behaviour changing movements. The ‘battle’ over GM foods and the rapid development of organic food sales are examples of the start of this rather than the end. Consumers and businesses will spend a lot of time in the future working out their positions on issues and changing behaviours appropriately. However, the number of individual positions by their very nature will outnumber choices available. This points to a continuing fragmentation of much of consumer demand, but overlain by certain common themes. For retailers, identifying these themes early will be critically important and reacting quickly will be vital. The issue of mobility is complicated. It is clear that people’s understanding of mobility has been transformed in a number of directions. The overall perception of mobility has extended significantly. This extension is both in terms of the mental view of locations and travel and a dramatic extension of what may be possible and also a willingness and ability to actually travel. The location of holidays and the influence this has on price perception and product purchase is one example of this. The willingness to travel longer distances to shop on a regular or an irregular (shopping centres) basis is another. It is also the case that as we are spending more time ‘on the move’, our needs in consumption terms have changed. We need to be able to consume as we go (food, music, information etc) and retailers have changed locations, products and shop formats to adjust to this. 1. 4 Demographic Structures and Trends Shopping and retailing are obviously heavily dependent on people, both as an industry, but also as the basic consuming unit. Changes in the population structure and the location of this population, as well as the make-up of the households in which people live, are fundamentally important to retailers and to understanding the shopping future. For example, population growth in specific locations or of age-groups of people encourage or discourage retailers to construct the retail environment differently. The ‘baby-boomers’ or ‘Generation X’ concepts have their reality in the shopping behaviour each group carries out and the demand for experiences and products they exhibit. Similarly, the growth of children as consumers and acknowledgement of the spending power of the â€Å"tweenies† represent new foci for retailers and service providers. Similarly, the breakdown of the nuclear family and the rise of single person households changed the consumption landscape, both in non-food because of the absolute number of households, but also in food due to pack size issues and so on. More but smaller households will have an effect on the type of products and services purchased and the shopping trips undertaken. In short, understanding likely future demographic structures and trends provides a good base from which to examine future shopping, and because of the nature of population dynamics provides us with a solid foundation of understanding. New births notwithstanding, we have good estimates of population demography for the next twenty years. Population estimates for the UK suggest that there will be in the next twenty years an extra 4 million people in the country on the current base of 58 million. It is forecast that current trends will continue leading to a substantially older composition of the population than at present. There will be significant growth in the 45+ age groups, many of whom will be young in body and mind and will be able to finance their consumption (a group of time rich/cash rich). There is within this also an increase in the 75+ age group which will present significant issues for the delivery of shopping opportunities. The ageing of the population will present an opportunity to target older consumers, but it would seem to be likely that the differences within this group will be as great as differences between the 45+ age group and other groups. The ageing of the population has another dimension of interest to retailing. Retailing is a traditional user of young people and the workforce in retailing has been seen as being more youthful and transient than many other sectors. With a decline in the youth cohort and a large increase in older consumers, retailers are going to have to question their hiring policies. Some retailers have been aware of this for some time, but it is going to become a wider phenomenon. Older consumers are going to want to be served by older well-informed staff and retailers are going to have to draw on this older workforce in order to keep their stores staffed in the first place. Willingness to work and the expectations of work for these groups may be much changed in the future. 1. 5 Product and Process Innovation Of all the drivers of change, the one that is most obviously in the news with respect to shopping and retailing is that of product, or more particularly, process innovation. The rapid development of the digital revolution, linked on occasions to the development of electronic commerce has caught the imagination of many, but perhaps blinded them to some of the pitfalls. Despite the fall from grace of the B2C Internet, most large retailers have a web site and are seriously exploring the opportunities or dangers of this new channel. The implications of this wave of experimentation for home delivery and for the very nature of retail organisations needs to be considered. In short, is the Internet the new way of shopping and retailing, which will eventually conquer all, or is it a small additional channel of limited impact? Whilst it is crucial to consider the possible implication in this area, it is important to emphasise (unlike perhaps the UK Foresight process) that retail futures are not all technologically based or driven. Product innovation is almost impossible to predict due to the rapid development and innovation of technology and other components. There are some possible ‘straws in the wind’ associated with developments in miniaturisation, communications and digitisation. Books, videos, films and music may all be transformed by product changes associated with new mechanisms for making, storing and communicating such material. Beyond that however it is almost impossible to predict what new products will be around and futile to attempt to predict in any detail what we will be buying. Process innovation is however another matter. The process of shopping has for well over a century been composed of multiple channels, but process innovation in the form of e-retailing is challenging the balance amongst these channels, chiefly because the nature of the medium has changed. In addition, the current implementation of e-retailing has the scope to change the nature and cost structures of retail activities. The â€Å"traditional† model – in which the customer via self service undertakes most of the shopping tasks (and bears the costs) -changes with many tasks and the associated costs transferred to the retailer. The retail business economics of e-retailing differ from those of store based retailing. Predicting the extent of Internet or e-retailing take-off is foolhardy given the breadth of experimentation and the pace of change. It is however worth reflecting on the use to which the new format is being put. It would appear that e-retailing is being used in three different ways at least for shopping. First, there are sites and opportunities that are essentially price driven. The focus is on getting the cheapest price for the product. Secondly however some sites are being used to provide a form of service delivery. In this case, products are sought because they are special, unique, different or distinctive or because they are hard to find and thus a broad data source is needed. In short, the Internet can allow the breadth of retailing to be consulted more quickly than might otherwise be the case. It is possible to identify a third type of use, namely the time-saver, when basic components of shopping (provisioning? ) are routinised into some form of home delivery service. These three illustrations are themselves further (and this time ‘virtual’) examples of the categorisation of shopping behaviour outlined earlier. With the exception of downloadable digitised products such as video and music, most products purchased remotely will require some form of home delivery system. Shopping in the real world, with the exception of mail order places the onus for this aspect primarily on the consumer. However, Internet retailing separates these activities and thus reinforces the distinction between purchasing and obtaining. In order to obtain virtual purchased goods, home delivery points will probably be needed and solutions will need to be found to the problems of delivery timings, people absent deliveries and the like (though other solutions are possible focusing on local stores/distribution points). It is also the case that one of the conventionally perceived benefits of Internet retailing, namely the removal of many car journeys, might be obviated by the expansion of local home (or workplace) delivery services. In terms of process, the emergence of the Internet has also had effects ‘behind the scenes’. 1. 6 Environmental Changes and Trends The UK is a congested set of islands, although this can be overstated by those living in the South East of England. As such the environmental aspects of shopping and retailing are particularly important given that the sector is a large user of land and the consumers are travellers to and from locations. Retailing of course is not only about consumers moving products, as shops are the commercial end of an entire supply chain. The way in which land is used for retailing and the retail supply chain have not remained static and there is good reason to presume that this will continue. Similarly the design and architecture of retail locations is not static and plays a considerable role in both the construction of the ‘feel’ of the retail location and experience and also, in environmental terms, its efficiency and effectiveness. Retailing uses land and locations for its physical activities. Consumers tend to travel to the store or shop components of this system. Space use by retailers has changed dramatically with broad trends towards the polarisation of shop size. In the main this has not led to any particular problems over space although many retailers have sought the prime locations. However some problems have been felt in secondary locations as concentration and competition effects have washed through the system. All the pressures being identified thus far suggest that there is not going to be a dramatic increase in space needs but rather that it is the quality of the space that will be most important. Current estimates of retail space, from CB Hillier Parker, suggests a stock of over 1. billion square feet of gross shop floorspace, which translates into 524 million square feet of net floorspace. Of the total gross floorspace 17. 7% is in â€Å"managed† retail environments (town and out-of-town shopping centres and retail warehouses), compared to 13. 5% in 1990 and 8% in 1980. Longer term however, it might be that existing space m ay be more problematical leading to either wholesale transformation or re-use as something else. Retail Sector Structure Size and Scope of Retail Sectors As has already been indicated, the definition of retailing has become more problematic. The horizontal and vertical blurring of activities and boundaries means that putting precise dimensions on the sector as a whole, and any component sub-sectors, is more difficult than before. Many examples of the issues abound, but we could for example contrast the coffee shop in the local Tesco, to the purchase of take-away sandwiches at Pret-a-Manager and the purchase of sushi for lunch at Sainsbury. Are they all retailing? Similarly Tesco sell pre-packaged insurance at the store but the same ‘product’ is available via the telephone and from banks and brokers. Where do we draw the line for retail sales? Even Delia Smith’s cookery programmes on the BBC could conceivably be seen as a retail activity, given the direct correlation between transmission and product purchase. The boundaries of retailing are highly blurred and volatile and government conceptualisations and statistics focused on product are not necessarily the most appropriate or helpful. There has been growth in product purchase, though of course in most cases the products themselves have not been static. New products have been introduced and dramatically changed categories, as computers replace typewriters and sunglasses, watches and fashion jewellery are sold by clothing chains. In non-food we can point to new products such as CDs and mobile phones, and in food ready meals would be a simple example. Furthermore in most product categories the range and choice available has expanded Organisational Structure and Competition As major retailers have grown in scale, so they have expanded their activities into new domains. With emerging scale has come a greater degree of knowledge and power in the channel. The pace of growth of retailers has been greater than for many manufacturers. Allied to operational changes such as the development of retailer brands and the better knowledge of consumer atterns and trends, retailers have reconstructed the traditional supply chain. In essence a dominant retail organisational type has emerged, characterised by strong vertical power which has been used to control, administer and command supply chains. Major retailers have also been involved in the use of horizontal power through their construction and reconstruction of the retail landscape. Where retailing locates and the form it takes has been transformed by the activities of major retailers and developers. Decentralisation is a key theme in this, and ‘waves’ of off-centre or out-of-town development have been identified. In most cases, these developments represent retail formats (eg. the food superstore and non-food retail warehouse) that can not readily be accommodated in existing centres. Such new locations tap into consumer needs, but have an impact on existing retailers and customers not able to travel to them. Moreover, they are in virtually all cases operated by major retailers and thus reinforce the competitive imbalance amongst organisational types. International Opportunities and Threats British retailers have had a chequered history in terms of international operations. At the same time, Britain is an open market and retailers who wish to enter the market can in most cases do exactly as they wish. The exceptions to this are those formats eg. Supercentres, which are constrained by land-use planning on the grounds of space use and various dimensions of impact. Essentially though the UK is a retail supermarket with the best bits of many retailing cultures. This open market is illustrated by the growing presence of many non-indigenous retailers in British retailing. This presence has been generated both by organic growth and by takeover. It encompasses most, if not all, retail sectors and formats. An increasing proportion of UK retail sales is therefore being captured by non-UK businesses operating here. This inward investment is a threat to the main ‘British’ retailers in competitive terms. Whilst international activity is risky, the retailers coming here are entering in many places a cosmopolitan market and one used to purchasing non-local products or travelling abroad. As such it seems not to matter to consumers where a retailer is from or who owns whom. If however competitive action combined with technological change eans that more imports are then generated and managerial head office positions, including research and development, are located outside the country, then these should be issues of concern for the country. For retailers entering this market, they have to adapt to a different (generally higher) cost structure and this can create difficulties for their positioning and performance. It is not likely that the pressure from overseas retailers will subside. Britain is a large market with a relatively small number of major cities and centres. For retailers looking for organic growth and being town or shopping centre-located, entry is relatively easy. More problematic is the entry for free-standing or off-centre stores, where sites may not be as available. More likely however is entry via take-over. Given most major UK retailers are publicly quoted, such an entry is available at any time at the ‘right’ price. Whilst it is true to note that British retailers have not been overwhelmingly successful when they have internationalised, there is emerging evidence that some leading UK retailers are now seeing success. In a number of sectors, leading retailers have expanded across the globe, but particularly into Europe and Asia. Some of this expansion is due to opportunities to buy companies at reduced prices, and some is due to knowledge gained as international sourcing has expanded. Retailers such as Kingfisher, Tesco, and WH Smith are well known international retailers and have imported some of their experiences abroad back into their UK formats. Other smaller chains have also internationalised capitalising on niche strengths (eg Signet, Courts, Body Shop, Lush, Carphone Warehouse, Game, Thomas Pink). How to cite Retail Sector in Uk, Essay examples

World of the New Testament

Introduction Seven Events that Shaped the New Testament World, is a book written by Warren Carter. The book has received many acknowledgements so far. Carter seeks to highlight economic, social and political situations that shaped the movement of Jesus and His disciples.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on World of the New Testament specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Carter selects seven events that took place between 323 BCE and 397 CE. The essay will analyze first five chapters of the book that represent real events, which Carter considers to be essential in process of shaping world of the New Testament. Analysis will be essential in comprehending scenarios before movement of Jesus that affected activities of His disciples. Death of Alexander the Great (323 BCE) Carter recognizes essence of Alexander the Great in shaping world of the New Testament. Alexander was a powerful political leader, who conquered territ ories during his reign. Carter is greatly referenced for presentation of relationship between a political leader and a spiritual redeemer. Carter highlighted role of Alexander in culture and social transformation, which impacted greatly on the early life of Christianity. It should be noted that, reformations by Alexander were not intended for later life of Christianity, but centered on his personal gains. In this regard, Carter contrasts life of Alexander with that of Jesus towards end of the chapter. Alexander achieved great economic success, especially by taxing Asians and secured great support from other cultures (Carter, 2013 p. 23). Alexander is included in history of New Testament, because of his contribution to spread of Greek culture, known as Hellenism. Carter highlighted that Alexander was powerful and had great achievements. He describes Jesus as being powerful, since He overwhelms the society with great acts just like Alexander the Great. According to presentation by Pau l, Jesus outshines Alexander by combining His power with humility. For instance, despite the fact that Jesus was powerful, He humbled Himself and surrendered His life for the sake of others. On the other hand, Alexander was powerful and remained a leader throughout his reign. Alexander focused on glorifying himself and securing recognition from many communities. Jesus on the other hand, was powerful but reserved (Carter, 2013 p. 45).Advertising Looking for book review on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Process of Translating Hebrew Scriptures into Greek (ca. BCE 250) In the second chapter, Carter addresses effects of spread of Greek culture. Carter seems to build on the previous chapter. He highlights culture appreciation, since Israel embraces Hellenism and identifies with it. Jews embraced Greek culture and were willing to have sacred information written in Greek language. The chapter is characterized by emergence of Greek version of Old Testament known as LLX and Aristae’s letter. It should be noted that, spread of Greek language was fast and vast. In this regard, LLX was important to Jews who grew up knowing Greek language. Further, this could be a way of promoting knowledge about their God, to other communities that did not understand Hebrew. Moreover, the process could be interpreted as being cultural integrative, since Hebrew norms were linked with Greek culture (Carter, 2013 p. 58). The letter of Aristae depicts that there was cooperation between Jews and Gentiles. As a matter of fact, Gentiles are seen to honor God of Jews. Focus was not to convert culture of Jews, but integrate it with that of Greek. It should be noted that, LLX was essential in later scriptures known as the New Testament. New Testament was influenced by situations of LLX. In this regard, Jews represented their culture in the dominant Greek culture, thereby preserving their identity and developing sen se of belonging (Carter, 2013 p. 66). Rededication of the Jerusalem Temple (BCE 164) In regard to comprehension of events that led to rededication of the temple, Carter presented books of Maccabeus and that of Daniel. Antiochus introduced rules that contradicted with values of Jews. As a matter of fact, he introduced idolatry by act of taking Zeus to Jerusalem temple. Further, he offered pig as a sacrifice, an act that was described as being abominable by Jews. In this regard, Jews chose to rebel against reign of Antiochus and succeeded. According to 1st Maccabeus, rededication of the temple was inevitable, since Jews acquired victory by engaging in physical fights. 2nd Maccabeus states that, rededication of the temple was essential, because martyrs had called upon divine intervention.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on World of the New Testament specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book of Daniel says that, rededication of the temple marked end of man’s wicked reign and beginning of God’s reign. In this regard, the temple had to be rededicated as a way of purification (Carter, 2013 p. 82). Roman Occupation of Judea (63 BCE) After Jews successfully rededicated the temple of Jerusalem, they enjoyed freedom that was cut short by Pompey’s annex over Israel. The chapter is divided into three subsections that discuss experiences and expectations of Jews. It should be noted that, Romans ruled over Judea from the time Pompey conquered it and even after death of Jesus. The first section of the chapter details lamentations that Jews had after they lost their freedom. Lamentations were based on the fact that, Jews were maltreated because they were slaves. They however, kept on hoping that they would one day be redeemed and their freedom would be restored. For instance, the book of Psalms highlights expectations of Jews about political reinstatement that would be brought to th em by Messiah. Jews believed that Messiah would come to politically redeem them and make their enemies suffer. Towards the end of the chapter popular actions like death of Herod are highlighted. The period was marked by resistance that greatly shaped world of the New Testament (Carter, 2013 p. 84). For instance, Jesus was crucified based on the fact that He attempted to resist Roman rule. His disciples were also maltreated, since their mission to spread the gospel compromised Roman norms. Crucifixion of Jesus (ca. 30 CE) Crucifixion of Jesus took place due to the interpretation that Romans had regarding Jesus. Just like Jews, Romans thought that Jesus was a political threat. It should be noted that, only criminals who were considered to rebel against Roman rule were crucified. The cross that Jesus was crucified on was written, â€Å"King of Jews†. Jesus was not seen as a spiritual redeemer but a political threat by Romans. Jews on the other hand, viewed Jesus as a political r edeemer. As a matter of fact, Jesus kept on referring to Kingdom of God, which was thought to be that of Romans.Advertising Looking for book review on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It should be noted that, there were crowds that attempted to crown Jesus as the king, due to great acts of miracles. As a matter of fact, Jesus had to literally avoid such incidences, since He felt that people were mistaking Him for an earthy redeemer (Carter, 2013 p. 98). Further, Jesus frequently attacked them and prophesied doom, like that of destruction of the temple. In this regard, Jesus was crucified because Romans feared that Jews would over power them. It should be noted that, powerful deeds by Jesus astonished many people. In this regard, Jesus would not have been crucified if Romans knew that he was a spiritual redeemer and not a political threat. Pilate assumed a weak role of begging people not to have Jesus crucified. Carter however highlights that this was one of Roman’s deductive strategy to measure significance of Jesus. Pilate wanted to understand the political approach that Jesus adopted, so as to perform great acts and miracles. It should be noted that, Rom an rulers had great authority and could not be easily influenced by crowds of people, like the crucifixion of Jesus appears to have been manipulated. In this regard, one gets to comprehend that Jesus was not crucified for praying and referencing God, but rather due to the fact that Roman rulers thought that He would be a political threat (Carter, 2013 p. 104). Conclusion Political and social situations prior and post Jesus movement are essential in comprehension of effects on Christianity. There are many situations that shaped world of the New Testament. Transition from Hellenism to Roman rule and emergence of Christianity, were influenced by political and social scenarios at that time. Carter uses a unique approach to link different occurrences before life of Jesus with those of early church. Notably, crucifixion of Jesus was based on political interpretation and not spiritual perspective. He successfully brings forth role of Alexander the Great in later movement of Jesus. The firs t four chapters form a basis for the last three. One gets to understand why the scriptures were translated to Greek. Further, there is a smooth link between embrace of Greek culture by Israel and negative effects that were witnessed later. LLX influences later scripting of New Testament. Reference Carter, W. (2013). Seven Events that Shaped the New Testament World. Toronto: Baker Academic. This book review on World of the New Testament was written and submitted by user Aria N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.